The Join Server assists in secure device activation, root key storage, and session key generation. The collected data can be interpreted by applying techniques like machine learning and artificial intelligence to solve business problems. A LoRaWAN network can have more than one Application Server. It also generates all the application-layer downlink payloads and sends them to the connected end devices through the Network Server. The Application Server processes application-specific data messages received from end devices. Forwarding Join-request and Join-accept messages between the devices and the join server.Routing uplink application payloads to the appropriate Application Server.Forwarding uplink application payloads to the appropriate application servers.Providing acknowledgements of confirmed uplink data messages.Sending ADR commands to optimize the data rate of devices.Selecting the best gateway for routing downlink messages.Validating the authenticity of end devices and integrity of messages.Establishing secure 128-bit AES connections for the transport of messages between end-devices and the Application Server (end-to-end security).The Network Server manages gateways, end-devices, applications, and users in the entire LoRaWAN network.Ī typical LoRaWAN Network Server has the following features. Usually, the receiver sensitivity of an outdoor gateway is higher than the receiver sensitivity of an indoor gateway. Can you figure them out?įigure: Tektelic Enterprise Outdoor Gateway It has connectors for connecting external LoRaWAN, 3G/4G, and GPS antennas. ![]() The following figure shows a LoRaWAN outdoor gateway. If you are good at hacking electronic products, you can convert some indoor gateways to outdoor gateways using water/dust proof enclosures and adding external antennas. Fiberglass antenna) connected using a coaxial cable. Usually an outdoor gateway has an external antenna (i.e. These gateways can be mounted on cellular towers, the rooftops of very tall buildings, metal pipes (masts) etc. They are suitable for providing coverage in both rural and urban areas. Outdoor gateways provide a larger coverage than the indoor gateways. The following figure shows The Things Indoor gateway designed to be directly plugged into an AC power outlet. However depending on the indoor physical environment some indoor gateways can receive messages from sensors located several kilometers away. These gateways have internal antennas or external ‘pigtail’ antennas. Indoor gateways are cost-effective and suitable for providing coverage in places like deep-indoor locations (spaces covered by multiple walls), basements, and multi-floor buildings. LoRaWAN gateways can be categorized into indoor (picocell) and outdoor (macrocell) gateways. ![]() Gateways are connected to the Network Server using a backhaul like Cellular (3G/4G/5G), WiFi, Ethernet, fiber-optic or 2.4 GHz radio links. A gateway receives LoRa messages from end devices and simply forwards them to the LoRaWAN network server. The following figure shows an end device that consists of sensors like temperature, humidity, and fall detection.įigure: LoRaWAN end device - The Things Industries Generic Node Sensor Edition Gateways #Įach gateway is registered (using configuration settings) to a LoRaWAN network server. These end devices are wirelessly connected to the LoRaWAN network through gateways using LoRa RF modulation. End devices #Ī LoRaWAN end device can be a sensor, an actuator, or both. ![]() Let’s examine each element of the LoRaWAN network in detail. If the Network Server has received multiple copies of the same message, it keeps a single copy of the message and discards others. These messages are received by the Network Server. Messages sent from end devices travel through all gateways within range. LoRaWAN networks use an ALOHA based protocol, so end devices don’t need to peer with specific gateways. Join Server - a piece of software running on a server that processes join-request messages sent by end devices (The Join Server is not shown in the above figure).Įnd devices communicate with nearby gateways and each gateway is connected to the network server. Network Server - a piece of software running on a server that manages the entire network.Īpplication servers - a piece of software running on a server that is responsible for securely processing application data. Gateways - receive messages from end devices and forward them to the Network Server. LoRaWAN networks are deployed in a star-of-stars topology.Ī typical LoRaWAN network consists of the following elements.įigure: A typical LoRaWAN network architectureĮnd Devices - sensors or actuators send LoRa modulated wireless messages to the gateways or receive messages wirelessly back from the gateways.
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